Links for 02-24-2014

• Second Life's strange second life | The Verge - "A million active users still log on and inhabit the world every month, and 13,000 newbies drop into the community every day to see what Second Life is about."
• Innovative CIOs run their applications a completely different way | The Enterprisers Project - RT @lcongdon: Thoughts on cloud computing: Innovative CIOs run their applications a completely different way via @4enterprisers
• Our Numbered Days: The Evolution of the Area Code - Megan Garber - The Atlantic
• ▶ Bayesian or Frequentist, Which Are You? - VideoLectures.NET
• Are you a Bayesian or a Frequentist?
• Politics of openness - The Ed Techie
• Red Hat Summit - New infographic on 2014 Red Hat Summit sessions/content & alumni feedback 4/14 in SF. I'll be in a couple sessions.
• Critique of Boston MBTA Transit Map - "Well meaning, but seriously flawed. Needs to be rebuilt from the ground up. With the addition of the Silver Line, the centre of the city needs far more space given to it, while the edges can afford to be compressed a bit to compensate (look how much room the Braintree leg of the Red Line has, for example). One-and-a-half stars."
• Platform-as-a-Service: Lessons from Manufacturing | Cloud Computing Journal - RT @CloudExpo: Cloud Expo Session | Platform-as-a-Service: Lessons from Manufacturing [by @GHaff] ▸ #PaaS #Cloud #CloudExpo

5 ways in which OpenStack doesn't parallel Linux

Last month, I wrote a post discussing the parallels between OpenStack and Linux. Briefly, these are the following:

• Part and parcel of a new approach to computing
• Adoption rates won’t be uniform
• It takes time
• About community as much as technology
• Open source development is an incremental process
• Commercial distributions make consumption by businesses possible
• Need for complementary components and integration

A number of folks have pointed out that there are differences too. To which I say "I agree!" From my perspective, here are five of the most salient deltas.

1. Open source is now ubiquitous and part of the landscape. In 2001, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer was giving interviews like the one he gave to the Chicago Sun Times in which he said "Linux is a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches." In 2001, Gartner analyst George Weiss was writing that between 2003 and 2005, "enthusiasm for Linux will increase selectively... However, their enthusiasm will be tempered by the entrenched position of Unix, which has already achieved mission-critical scalability and availability, by the strong Windows 2000 upgrades in the pipeline, and by the potentially heavy cost of migrating to Linux." My point here isn't to pick on anyone in particular (well, maybe Steve Ballmer) but to highlight that, circa 2001, Linux and open source generally faced an environment that ranged from skeptical to unremittingly hostile outside of (mostly) leading-edge technology adopters like Wall Street. Today, by contrast, open source is used widely--ubiquitously even--and companies like Google and Facebook would not even be feasible in open source's absence. In short, OpenStack's birth and maturation is taking place in a much more welcoming environment than did Linux'.

2. Open source is in the enterprise. And not just some enterprises in some industries. According to Red Hat's data, "more than 90% of Fortune 500 companies use Red Hat products and services." That's just Red Hat. (And, one suspects, there are open source pockets at most, if not all, of the remaining 10 percent.) Here's what Gartner is now writing about open source software in their Hype Cycle for Open-Source Software, 2013:

Continuing a trend over the past 10 years, the open-source software (OSS) model continues to expand and affect market segments across nearly the entire IT industry spectrum. For example, Linux was the first widely acknowledged success of open source in many IT organizations, and it remains the flagship of OSS success; however, the list of "industry-changing" OSS solution continues to grow year after year as well. Today, projects like the Apache Web Server, the JBoss Application Server, MySQL RDBMS, Eclipse IDE, MongoDB, and many more show the broad influence that OSS continues to have on the industry as a whole.

3. Open source is driving innovation. Historically, open source was more about commoditizing and democratizing technology approaches that already existed and were proven in the world of proprietary software. BSD and then Linux did so to proprietary Unix but they are hardly the only example. OpenOffice, the Apache web server, and MySQL database all didn't initially drive the state of the art forward so much as they drove price points dramatically downwards--and thereby greatly increased the number of people and organizations that had access. This dynamic remains true for some open source software, but the collaboration that the open source development model makes possible is now driving industry innovation in so many areas. In data storage and analytics, almost all of the interesting new approaches are in open source. And that's true also with building IaaS clouds where OpenStack is gaining so much attention. OpenStack isn't about mimicking a proprietary IaaS. There isn't such a thing outside of a few big public cloud providers (and, with the exception of Microsoft, they all make extensive use of open source as well). 

4. OpenStack is for the datacenter. So far, I've mostly discussed how the milieu in which OpenStack plays is different from the one in which Linux operated at first. There are some differences in the projects themselves too. Linux has probably had its greatest impact as a server operating system, but there's nothing inherent to Linux that limits it to that role. Indeed, the fact that someone could spin up Linux on an old PC and tinker with it arguably had a great deal to do with its grassroots encroachment into the server room. In the modern era, variants of Linux appear in everything from mobile devices to Mars Rovers. OpenStack, designed as it is for datacenter infrastructure, is more expressly tailored to run on a (moderately large) pool of servers. It's also more likely to enter the datacenter by the front door as a result. 

5. The OpenStack community is different from the Linux kernel one. Finally, it's worth observing that the OpenStack project's organization differs significantly from that of the Linux kernel. There are some similarities in that large commercial organizations (not least of all Red Hat) make significant contributions to both projects. But the Linux kernel runs as a sort of "benevolent dictatorship" (reflecting its roots) while OpenStack is governed by a foundation established for the project (reflecting its establishment primarily by a number of companies coming together). The difference also reflects how the Linux kernel has a singular identity and purpose while OpenStack is more of a framework for a number of sub-projects and includes more rapidly changing technology. In some ways, OpenStack looks more like a distribution than a single open source project--although that comparison fails in a number of respects as well.

Different doesn't mean better or worse. It means different. I always favor looking for historical parallels because they can be instructive and offer a window to the future. It's equally important though to understand the differences in the environment between yesterday and today, as well as between the things being compared themselves. In the case of Linux and OpenStack, there are lessons to be drawn for OpenStack by looking at Linux adoption so long as they're not slavishly drawn.  

Links for 02-18-2014

• Office on the iPad is a product absolutely nobody needs | CITEworld - I don't really get the interest in most iPad content creation apps. I guess they can sometimes be a fallback if you're somewhere and don't have your PC with you but that's a pretty marginal use case.
• Why An Open API is Like a Loaded Gun | Security Management - "From a governance, audit, security, and compliance perspective, no business should ever consider opening up their APIs to any users—internal or external—without adequate controls, such as identity and access management, threat protection, error detection, usage tracking, and rate limiting."
• How Mobile Cloud Services Will Consolidate After The Death Of StackMob – ReadWrite - "StackMob, Parse and Kinvey all started with a focus on developers. Each, in its own due course, realized that selling to developers is basically impossible. Indie developers don’t have money and enterprise developers don’t have control over budgets. The developer-centric approach was not scalable."
• If Invading Switzerland, Please Do So Outside Of "Office Hours" | Zero Hedge - RT @natfriedman: Please don't invade Switzerland outside business hours:

Links for 02-17-2014

• How PR landed humans on the moon | Articles | Home - "With all the recent hoopla about how online content serves as a tool for public relations, few people realize that content has been around as a PR tool for more than 50 years. The greatest story never told (until now) about content as a marketing tool is that it helped to deliver humans to the moon in the late 1960s and early 1970s. While everybody is looking for the next big thing in public relations, I found inspiration by going back half a century."
• Intel’s Sharp-Eyed Social Scientist - NYTimes.com
• Klaus Teuber, the Man Who Built The Settlers of Catan : The New Yorker
• Paddy Chayefsky: The Dark Prophet of ‘Network’ News - The Daily Beast - "When you watch Network now, even the extremest of conversations—the idea of actually killing someone live on air—is not an exactly alien stretch of our reality TV-soaked imaginations. Chayefsky forecast perfectly the changing universe of TV news, with news ceding ground to entertainment, blowhard posturing, personality and extremity."
• It's time for Netflix to stop acting like television - The Week
• The National Map
• George Packer: Is Amazon Bad for Books? : The New Yorker
• London’s West End, a Stage for Good Eating - NYTimes.com
• Watch actual members of Congress read lines from House of Cards - The Week - RT @TheWeek: 'House of Cards' sounds even more chilling when real-life congressmen act it out:
• Instapainting Turns Your Photos Into Hand-Painted Oil Paintings On The Cheap | TechCrunch
• NC snow meme: Attack on Glenwood Ave :: WRAL.com - North Carolina snow meme

Links for 02-14-2014

• Why There Will Never Be Another RedHat: The Economics Of Open Source | TechCrunch
• History Camp Tickets, Cambridge - Eventbrite
• Instagram - I think I'll just stay in front of the fire.
• Twitter / EricHolthaus: Quite possibly the craziest ... - RT @EricHolthaus: Quite possibly the craziest snow photo I've ever seen, today in Raleigh NC:
• Star Wars OL - YouTube - RT @bakertweets: It's over. They can shut down the Internet now. This wins.
• Why Writers Are the Worst Procrastinators - Megan McArdle - The Atlantic - "Like most writers, I am an inveterate procrastinator. In the course of writing this one article, I have checked my e-mail approximately 3,000 times, made and discarded multiple grocery lists, conducted a lengthy Twitter battle over whether the gold standard is actually the worst economic policy ever proposed, written Facebook messages to schoolmates I haven’t seen in at least a decade, invented a delicious new recipe for chocolate berry protein smoothies, and googled my own name several times to make sure that I have at least once written something that someone would actually want to read."
• San Franciscans Wait Two Hours in the Rain For Day-Old New York Bagels | Uptown Almanac - "While we've become dizzy with all the eye-rolling, we cannot help be impressed by the brilliance of this pop-up and its ability to lure people into the most degrading "yuppie bread line" possible."

Links for 02-11-2014

• How DevOps Can Accelerate the Cloud Application Lifecycle - "Yes, there's often friction between development and operations, and being part of the same team would undoubtedly improve personal relationships. This approach might incrementally improve the current state by fostering cooperation and less finger-pointing. However, it's not clear that better personal interaction would significantly quicken application functionality release cycles."
• Instagram - Dartmouth winter carnival
• How Skeuomorphism Can Make Electric Car Safer | MIT Technology Review
• Digital Nibbles 02/06 by Digital Nibbles | Technology Podcasts - I was on Digital Nibbles yesterday talking mostly PaaS and #OpenShift starting at about the 27 minute mark.
• Daring Fireball: Microsoft, Past and Future - One of the better pieces. "The next ubiquity isn’t running on every device, it’s talking to every device."
• Instagram - I've been on empty flights this trip. LHR<->EWR
• Microsoft Board names Satya Nadella as CEO - RT @Craw: Smart move by MSFT. Hope they use Gates the right way. Narrow = better
• Twitter / pythondj: This is NOT a test, the apps ... - RT @pythondj: This is NOT a test, the apps are launching on @openshift live from #fosdem today
• Twitter / mhelft: Harsh working conditions in ... - RT @mhelft: Harsh working conditions in Silicon Valley
• Lessons about Community from Science Fiction « Fast Wonder - RT @geekygirldawn: My slides (with speaker notes) for my community lessons from science fiction talk at #monkigras
• "Paperwork Explosion" - YouTube - The Paperwork Explosion video from IBM (& Jim Henson) in 1967.
• Donnie Berkholz presentations
• Getting Rowdy About Cloud in London — Red Hat Open Source Community - RT @jzb: Getting Rowdy About Cloud in London: Thanks to @dberkholz @mfdii @sebgoa @andypiper @TheSteve0 @EMEACloudGuy et al.
• » The End of Higher Education’s Golden Age Clay Shirky - This expansion created tensions among the goals of open-ended exploration, training for the workplace, and research, but these tensions were masked by new income. Decades of rising revenue meant we could simultaneously become the research arm of government and industry, the training ground for a rapidly professionalizing workforce, and the preservers of the liberal arts tradition. Even better, we could do all of this while increasing faculty ranks and reducing the time senior professors spent in the classroom. This was the Golden Age of American academia.
• Help Center : SlideCast Updates - SlideCast feature of SlideShare going away. A reminder that it's sometimes worth effort to create in portable format

Links for 01-23-2014

• The dangerous appeal of the Silicon Valley narrative - The Ed Techie - "There are several necessary elements to the silicon valley narrative: firstly a technological fix is both possible and in existence; secondly that external forces will change, or disrupt, an existing sector; thirdly that wholesale revolution is required; lastly the solution is provided by commerce."
• Red Hat Summit - RT @RedHatEvents: The full 2014 @RedHatSummit agenda is now available! Check out all 160+ sessions & labs: #RedHat #SFO
• Grammar Girl : Is the Semicolon in tl;dr Ironic? :: Quick and Dirty Tips ™ - "Semicolon appear in long, complex sentences—they're a hallmark of writing that would likely earn the tl;dr label."
• The Ethics of Unpaid Labor and the OSS Community | ashe dryden
• Remembering Apple's "1984" Super Bowl ad - O Say Can You See? - RT @DCgov: Today marks the 30th anniversary of Apple's famous "1984" television ad @amhistorymuseum
• MIT and Harvard release working papers on open online courses - MIT News Office - RT @nic221: MIT and Harvard release working papers on open online courses - MIT News Office
• Connecting to the Internet – Finding My 15-Year-Old Website I Built at 16 | Random Drake
• Download Over 250 Free Art Books From the Getty Museum | Open Culture
• In IaaS and PaaS Convergence, It’s PaaS That Should Lead | Cloud Computing Journal - "IaaS should be optimized for the management and delivery of virtual application infrastructure, e.g. networking, storage and compute. In contrast, PaaS requires optimization for scalability and availability of applications."
• On the Matter of Why Bitcoin Matters — The Magazine on Medium — Medium - "Marc Andreessen wrote an essay for the New York Times about Bitcoin, “Why Bitcoin Matters,” in which he attempts to explain the relevancy of the digital currency for the future of commercial transactions. He uses analogies, allegories, history, and ostensible facts to build his case."
• Amazon's 'schizophrenic' open source selfishness scares off potential talent, say insiders • The Register - "Amazon is one of the most technically influential companies operating today – but you wouldn't know it, thanks to a dearth of published research papers and negligible code contributions to the open-source projects it relies on."
• The war against butter is over. Butter won - Quartz
• The Open Source Paleontologist: Open Access Journals in Paleontology
• Twitter / nickbilton: Top: Map of the Internet in ... - RT @nickbilton: Top: Map of the Internet in 1969. Bottom: Map of the Internet in 2013.
• The Daily Dot - Now 10 years old, 4chan is the most important site you never visit
• Who Goes There? Identity Management in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Beta | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Blog - Identity management in RHEL 7 post:

Links for 01-21-2014

• State of the Mobile Enterprise Report
• London Cloud Summit, 29th January 2014 | Lanyrd - Game of Thrones meets cloud by @jzb at the London Cloud Summit on 29 Jan. Free event, sign up today!
• Richard talks about London Cloud Forum Jan 29th 2014 - YouTube - Checkout the London Cloud Summit on 1/29. @EMEACloudGuy discusses on video. cc: @jzb
• Untitled (http://valleywag.gawker.com/farhad-manjoo-quits-wsj-after-15-seconds-to-joint-nyt-1503358192) - “@JoshuaErrett: Farhad Manjoo Quits WSJ After 15 Seconds To Join NYT ” << Mean. Also very funny.
• Jim Beam and the Myth of Bourbon : The New Yorker - "Bourbon seems like a sturdy marker of a freedom-loving American identity, but that narrative is mostly a pleasant fiction. The truth of the tale lies in mergers and holding companies and transnational distribution rights. George Jones never sang about any of that. The real story of the modern whiskey industry is less romantic but no less American. The country’s “native spirit,” as bourbon is often called, is one of capitalization and consolidation."
• PaaS Is Dead. Long Live PaaS - InformationWeek - RT @babcockcw: A counter to popular belief PaaS is passe -- PaaS Is Dead. Long Live PaaS via @InformationWeek
• The Echo Nest Blog

Links for 01-16-2014

• Inferior Goods, Giffen Goods, and Shochu
• The Current State Of MOOCs - Edudemic | Infographics
• 10 Things I’ve Learned (So Far) from Making a Meta-MOOC
• The Scale of the Universe 2
• Cloud standards set to mature in next 18 months
• Netflix Is Caught Between a DVD and a Hard Place - Bloomberg - "There’s no great loss without some small gain; I’ve kind of enjoyed rediscovering some of the better 1980s miniseries. (Think “The Winds of War,” not “North and South.”) But the other night, my husband and I were remarking that we may have to go back to using the DVD-by-mail service for movies. And I wonder if we aren’t going to be stuck with that model: streaming for idle watching, but if you want something specific, you’ll need to order and wait. In other words, I wonder if the golden era of streaming is not ahead, but already behind us."
• Adaptive IT — Empathy: The Essence of DevOps - "Dev and Ops need to empathize with each other (and with Design and Marketing) because they’re cooperating agents within a larger software-as-service system. More importantly, they all need to empathize, not just with each other, but also with users."
• Falkenblog: Taleb Mishandles Fragility - "Christmas traditions have gone from stockings and exchanging gifts, to fruitcakes, bad sweaters, NBA games, and now Taleb books, a sign that perhaps the Mayan return isn't so much an apocalypse but rather a mercy killing. Taleb is one of many best-selling authors I don't enjoy (Tom Friedman, Robert Kiyosaki, Snooki), but as he is prolix, pretentious, petulant and clueless, I enjoy commenting on his latest blather (my review of Black Swan here, Bed of Procrustes here)."

Links for 01-15-2014

• Open arguments stack up as hybrid cloud takes hold
• NetAppVoice: Innovative Companies Embrace IT Geeks - Forbes
• Massachusetts launches open cloud to spur big data R&D -- GCN - "The universities are working with industry on the open-cloud technology, which is based on OpenStack and Red Hat cloud technology. The MOC will provide a range of services, including infrastructure as a service, which offers on-demand access to virtual machines, as well as application development and big data platform services via the cloud."
• Massachusetts Open Cloud
• NetAppVoice: Why IT Went Hybrid (And Why It Matters) - Forbes - “@RiCHi: Why IT Went Hybrid (And Why It Matters) ~ by @ghaff for @Forbes @NetApp'Voice/@NetApp_Biz ” << Thx!
• MoMA’s Plan to Demolish Folk Art Museum Lacks Vision - NYTimes.com
• PSA: Back Up Your Shit | Hacker News
• Red Hat, Partners Collaborate on AWS New Test Drive Demos | Information Technology Events and Conferences content from The VAR Guy - "The test drives lend themselves to complex solutions, so partners that have offerings that require multiple steps, components and complexity to display to an end customers are optimal candidates," he said. "However, any solution-based offering that solves a specific customer issue would make a good test drive."
• Daring Fireball Linked List: Kara Swisher: 'Microsoft CEO Selection Unlikely to Come in January' - "If he’s going to be “much more involved”, Gates should just take the job himself. Otherwise, he should be much less involved, and let the new CEO run the company."
• Drinking from the Twitter firehose: I love the stream, but I need more filters and bridges — Tech News and Analysis - "It’s not that unfollowing people on Twitter is difficult — it’s just a click of a button. But first I would have to decide why I was unfollowing that person, and that would require thinking about why I followed them in the first place. I would have to look at their stream and reconsider their value, and I would have to do that 3,000 times. It’s like cleaning out the garage or indexing your photos; you know that you should do it, but it just seems so daunting that you never get around to it."
• Red Hat’s CentOS “acquisition” good for both sides, but ‘ware the Jabberwock – Donnie Berkholz's Story of Data
• Massachusetts Green High-Performance Computing Center
• London Cloud Summit: The 2014 Cloud Forecast- Eventbrite - Plan to be at London Cloud Summit: The 2014 Cloud Forecast day before @Monkigras: If I stay awake post redeye:-)
• I Spent Two Hours Talking With NSA's Big Wigs. Here's What's Got Them Mad | Threat Level | Wired.com

What Red Hat's up to with partners and AWS Test Drive

The AWS Test Drive Program is a way to easily try out enterprise software. To quote AWS:

Test Drive simplifies clients’ access to complex IT environments, using the programmable infrastructures of AWS. Test Drive enables customers to rapidly deploy a private sandbox environment containing pre-configured ISV server applications that are ready to Demo and use. Test Drive labs are provided from the APN partner ecosystem, providing rapid provisioning of private IT environments. In a few minutes you can login and start using the software, following a guided tour Video and Lab Manual.

Test Drives labs have been developed by our APN Consulting and Technology partners and are provided free of charge for educational and/or demonstrational usage. Each Test Drive includes around a half a day’s use of free AWS server time for using live enterprise solution stacks, from the industry’s leading ISVs and SIs. You can return here and try any or all of the Test Drives at any time, so feel free to experiment, explore and learn.

The basic idea behind Test Drives is that you can get free limited-time access to complex enterprise software and work through a scripted use case to evaluate that software quickly. Software can then be purchased through AWS Marketplace or other channels. AWS Test Drive is a fairly new program. It was rolled out relatively quietly last year. 

Quoting Red Hat North America Channel Sales Senior Director Bob Wilson, The VAR Guy writes: "The test drives lend themselves to complex solutions, so partners that have offerings that require multiple steps, components and complexity to display to an end customers are optimal candidates," he said. "However, any solution-based offering that solves a specific customer issue would make a good test drive."

Red Hat's announcement today is for new test drives with three of our largest North American Partners. Mark Enzweiler, Red Hat's senior vice president, Global Channel Sales:

We've enjoyed working with CITYTECH, Shadow-Soft, and Vizuri to develop these initial solutions, and are eager to develop additional Test Drives with other partners. We believe these Test Drives are invaluable, they enable partners to use their expertise in pulling together complete solutions to solve complex customer challenges and illustrate how easily customers can use these tools to migrate to the cloud.

 

Punting on the Cam

Punting on the Cam, a photo by ghaff on Flickr.

This is from my trip to the UK last fall. I plan to be in London and Belgium in a few weeks for at least some of the end of Jan/beginning of Feb open source extravaganza set of events.

Links for 01-13-2014

• NASA's SDO Shows the Sun's Rainbow of Wavelengths | NASA
• Bitcoin-Mining Chips, Gear, Computing Groups: Competition Heats Up - Businessweek
• Citrix Solved the vGPU Problem, So…Where Is the Parade? | The Virtualization Practice - This is technically interesting I'm pretty skeptical about virtual desktops breaking out though.
• Announcing Infrastructure.Next Ghent — Red Hat Open Source Community - RT @redhatopen: Don't miss the inaugural Infrastructure.Next event on 5 Feb. 2014 in Ghent, Belgium: w/presos on RDO, oVirt & more.
• Vermont vs. New Hampshire - "Vermont is a beautiful place, a postcard. New Hampshire looks like Arkansas with snow."
• The Edamame Economy - NYTimes.com - "The computer age has brought yet another new kind of hotel: the mass boutique."
• ongoing by Tim Bray · Software in 2014
• The fortune of the commons | The Economist
• Untitled (http://bostinno.streetwise.co/2014/01/09/leave-the-bus-in-the-dust-cambridge-residents-walk-more-than-anywhere-else-in-the-country/) - Cambridge residents walk more than anyone else in the country
• Twitter / HistoryInPics: This is what Google looked ... - RT @HistoryInPics: This is what Google looked like 15 years ago
• Untitled (https://go.gigaom.com/Webinar-RedHat12114.html?WebinarSource=RedHat&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer&utm_content=buffer15a15) - RT @openshift: Join Red Hatter Gordon Haff and GigaOM analysts as they discuss how to match a PaaS solution to developers' skills

Why you need a cloud management platform

I put this post up on the Red Hat OpenStack blog. If you haven't checked this blog out, give it a look and consider subscribing. 

Cloud infrastructure and cloud management. As an industry, we conflate these two things far too often.

This is understandable up to a point. Cloud computing architectures are relatively new and new architectural approaches often involve figuring out how functions are best partitioned and how they relate to each other. The process tends to be pragmatic; that’s how the networking stack first developed. That terminology is often morphing and inconsistently applied (innocently or otherwise) doesn’t help matters.

The overall building blocks of the private and hybrid cloud stack have now crystallized to a significant degree. The boundaries of these blocks aren’t hard-edged of course; there’s always overlap in the management space given that basic functions tend to come built-in even if they’re superseded at scale or for more complex requirements. But we’re at a point where we can describe the relationship of a cloud platform such as OpenStack to cloud management platforms (CMP)s like CloudForms that shouldn’t be too controversial.

Continue reading at Red Hat Stack

Links for 01-09-2014

• 40 Maps That Will Help You Make Sense of the World - A Sheep No More
• The 11 Most Influential Microprocessors of All Time | PCWorld
• The Next Civil Rights Issue: Why Women Aren't Welcome on the Internet - Pacific Standard: The Science of Society
• The parallel universes of DevOps and cloud developers – Donnie Berkholz's Story of Data - "When I look at the DevOps “community” today, what I generally see is a near-total lack of overlap between people who started on the dev side and on the ops side."
• codescaling | Red Hat’s inverse-acquihire of CentOS makes sense
• Why Most Startups Don't 'Get' Press - “PR isn’t about hits, it isn’t about placement — it isn’t ‘You pay us and we’ll get you a clip here or a mention on that blog.’ And it isn’t about a first-day bump that gets no traction,” Hammerling says. “It’s about focusing your voice. It’s about finding your place in the market.”
• Calxeda postmortem: Low power WON'T bag ARM the server crown. So here's how to upset Intel • The Register - A huge amount of money has gone down the low-power/power-efficient server rathole.
• The Pre-History of Software as a Service - "While many factors killed the ASP, none of the major ones are issues for SaaS. Oh, SaaS has its challenges. Security, assuring high quality service levels, and supporting multiple platforms (both desktop and mobile), to name but a few. But the technology has reached the point where we can now profitably deploy and run SaaS. ASPs, alas, were ahead of their time. Still, their failures should be kept in mind as we further push the SaaS model lest we too try to deploy applications that are ahead of our technology or are users’ trust in that technology."

Fishing boat in fog

Fog, a photo by ghaff on Flickr.

Finally got around to processing my photos from a couple of Maine trips during the summer/fall last night.

Will IaaS and PaaS converge?

 

 

tl;dr version: No per Betteridge's Law of Headlines (in many cases). But if you want a more nuanced take on this question, you'll need to read on.

Some history

The definitions that we use for the layers of cloud computing today--Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS), and Software-a-Service(SaaS)--are enshrined in a remarkably thin document, NIST Special Publication 800-145, which wasn't finalized until October 2011 by which time many aspects of cloud computing were in full swing. However, this publication has been influential nonetheless because it began life as a draft in 2009 and, furthermore, was developed together with a large number of users and vendors. Indeed, NIST noted upon the finalization of the publication that "While just finalized, NIST's working definition of cloud computing has long been the de facto definition."

Here's how NIST defines IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS respectively: 

[IaaS] The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

[PaaS] The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider.The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

[SaaS] The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

It's worth noting at this point that the PaaS service model was a relatively late entrant to the discussion. For example, when I wrote a research note that took a crack at defining cloud computing architectures at the beginning of 2008, I only discussed IaaS and SaaS. The on-demand services these provided were clear. IaaS provided compute, storage, networking and related services--server-like things. We already had a working example in Amazon Web Services (AWS)--which was also starting to expand beyond basic infrastructure with SimpleDB. SaaS was at least equally well-understood; it was a Web app. [1]

The point of this history lesson? Two-fold.

First, it's to point out that the widely-accepted NIST cloud computing definition focuses specifically on the level of abstraction presented to a generic consumer. Secondly, it's to show that PaaS is defined, at least in part, as something that sits in between IaaS and SaaS--which were far better understood by way of concrete examples like AWS and Salesforce at the time than was PaaS.

How do IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS relate?

The significance of PaaS filling the space between an IaaS and a SaaS is that it touches both of those abstractions. Although a PaaS like OpenShift by Red Hat can sit on bare metal, it can also take advantage of flexible IaaS infrastructure. I'm not going to get into all the details of how OpenShift might use the OpenStack IaaS, for example, but I'll touch on what some of those integration points are and how they might evolve in a bit.

It's also worth observing here that simply thinking of PaaS as a higher level of abstraction than IaaS for a generic consumer of computing resources of various types misses an important distinction. PaaS presents an abstraction that is primarily of interest to and used by application developers. IaaS can also appeal to developers seeking more options and control of course. But a PaaS like OpenShift focuses on giving developers and/or DevOps the tools they need and then getting out of the way. IaaS is infrastructure--and therefore often more focused on system admins who are supporting developers (whether through a PaaS or otherwise) and other consumers of business services. This will increasingly be the case as IaaS, or something close to it, increasingly becomes how computing infrastructures are built--whether at a cloud provider or in an enterprise.

SaaS also touches the PaaS layer. This interface typically takes the form of what analyst Judith Hurwitz refers to as a PaaS anchored to a SaaS environment. Another way to think about this is that software is increasingly expected to surface APIs so that users can extend and integrate that software as they need to. These APIs and surrounding tooling may constitute a sufficiently rich and extensible environment to be considered a PaaS (as in the case of Salesforce).

The blending of IaaS and PaaS

Given the relationship I've described, it's reasonable to ask whether IaaSs won't just add abstractions until they're PaaSs or whether PaaSs won't just build in the infrastructure they need until they don't need a discrete IaaS layer. 

This will happen in some cases. Azure is an example of a PaaS offering that is a monolithic stack (and which can now also run operating system images as well as .NET applications). A variety of AWS services go beyond the infrastructure layer (databases, Hadoop, Elastic Beanstalk).

However, as discussed above, IaaS and PaaS often address different types of consumers--who may have different types of requirements--so there will likely be benefits  in many cases to having a PaaS that is discrete from (but integrates well with) an IaaS as well as other types of software.

How might this integration work with OpenShift and OpenStack?

OpenShift, like other PaaSs on the market, uses a form of Linux containers. (Red Hat's now collaborating with Docker on containers; Docker is planned for inclusion in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7). They're lightweight and quick to spin up and spin down. However, to the degree that OpenStack and OpenShift don't talk to each other, neither has any visibility into optimization possibilities. However, as Red Hat's Matt Hicks notes, if a PaaS

is natively integrated into OpenStack, things get really interesting. The containers themselves could be managed in OpenStack, opening up full visibility to the operations team. They wouldn’t just see a virtual machine that is working really hard, they would see exactly why. It would enable them to start using projects like Ceilometer to monitor those resources, Heat to deploy them, etc. In other words they could start leveraging more of OpenStack to do their jobs better.

The OpenStack Solum project is one of the parts that Red Hat (along with a variety of other companies) is working on with an eye to this sort of integration. Solum is intended to meet various needs of developers (integrated support for Git, CI/CD, and IDEs; take advantage of Heat orchestration; etc.) in what you can think of as a PaaS-like way but without all the trappings of a full-fledged PaaS. 

The bottom line here is that there's a continuum between a bare-bones IaaS and a full-fledged development platform. This continuum can be thought of as laying along an axis from complete fine-grained control on one side to various hosted PaaSs on the other. Even this oversimplifies things though as offerings may also differ based on target workloads or other aspects. Which is another reason why a monolithic IaaS+PaaS may not be the best approach.

Finally, as I wrote at the beginning, PaaS is really the youngest of the cloud service models. So it probably shouldn't be surprising that it's evolving so rapidly. (Although all the community energy OpenStack is creating lots of innovation and change there as well at the IaaS layer.) And that evolution will continue--which may well mean that our understanding of the optimal locations for abstractions and interfaces may evolve as well.

Red Hat's cloud portfolio philosophy

Our approach to working on integration points between OpenStack and OpenShift--while leaving customers the ability to use them separately as well--pretty much sums up our philosophy across our entire product portfolio: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, our Red Hat CloudForms and Red Hat Satellite management products, JBoss Middleware, Red Hat storage in addition to OpenStack and OpenShift. Much of this integration work is happening in the upstream communities. You see other examples in the reference architectures created by our system engineering team. (See, for example, Deploying a Highly Available OpenShift Enterprise 1.2 Environment - Using RHEV 3.2 and RHS 2.1.) Openness and flexibility are at the core of our cloud strategy and that applies whether you just want IaaS, just want PaaS, or if you want a well-integrated combination of the two.

 

[1] I actually used the Hardware-as-a-Service term in that research note, which was being used mostly interchangeably with IaaS at the time. I also discussed the idea of Data-as-a-Service which was primarily about data returned through APIs--an important trend but one that isn't today really directly part of the cloud computing service model. 

Links for 01-08-2014

• Red Hat embraces adjacent ecosystem CentOS - Open Source Insider - RT @EMEACloudGuy: Great article - covers the podcast too - thanks @ABridgwater for the write up - #redhat #CentOS
• Evgeny Morozov: Hackers, Makers, and the Next Industrial Revolution : The New Yorker
• Create a new browser user profile - Chrome Help - Aha. Finally. This is how to stop Google Chrome from crashing every time I start it.
• i, quaid / Red Hat and CentOS joining forces - RT @lcafiero: Of all the reports about #CentOS and #redhat, #quaid's is the best -- congrats all around!
• George R.R. Martin reveals his ‘Game of Thrones’ backup ending - Zap2it - "I hate outlines. I have a broad sense of where the story is going; I know the end, I know the end of the principal characters, and I know the major turning points and events from the books, the climaxes for each book, but I don't necessarily know each twist and turn along the way," he explains. "That's something I discover in the course of writing and that's what makes writing enjoyable. I think if I outlined comprehensively and stuck to the outline the actual writing would be boring."
• Red Hat + CentOS — Red Hat Open Source Community - I'd encourage folks interested in the Red Hat/CentOS announcement to read the FAQ. It goes into a lot of subtleties.
• Red Hat | Red Hat and the CentOS Project Join Forces to Speed Open Source Innovation - RT @RedHatNews: Big news: Red Hat & the CentOS Project Join Forces to Speed Open Source Innovation #redhat #centos #linux #opensource
• BBC - Future - Science & Environment - Timeline of the far future
• How the NSA Almost Killed the Internet | Threat Level | Wired.com
• The slow but inevitable decline of Netflix’s DVD business — Tech News and Analysis - It's a bit hard for me to believe that physical DVD rental as a business just goes away entirely--at least until streaming availability improves a lot.
• Netflix’s dumbed-down algorithms | Felix Salmon - Interesting counterpoint to the Netflix recommendation engine praise.
• Is there a best Linux file system? | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Blog - RT @RedHatNews: New #RHEL blog: Is there a best Linux file system?: Is there a best anything? Perhaps. I, personally, t... #Linux
• Netflix’s Cloud Architect Adrian Cockcroft left to join Battery Ventures — Tech News and Analysis - RT @a_perilli: Netflix’s Cloud Architect Adrian Cockcroft is leaving to join Battery Ventures: > Congrats @adrianco !

Butterfly on daylilies

Butterfly on daylilies, a photo by ghaff on Flickr.

Taken in warmer days in New England.

Links for 01-07-2014

• Go Ahead, Quote My Tweet | TIME.com - "But certain principles cut across media: that quotes shouldn’t be deceptive, but also that public writing is fair game to quote. Twitter is actual writing; it’s an important communication medium, and it deserves to be treated like it. Even, like it or not, by the people selling stuff."
• When a (Partial) Tweet Becomes an Ad, What Are the Rules? - NYTimes.com - "In the end, nothing terrible happened here. But it’s a moment that, at the very least, ought to cause some internal discussion at The Times and the establishing of clear rules and practices."
• A Makeover for Maps - NYTimes.com - “It doesn’t work if it’s not moving,” said Mr. Rodenbeck, the head of Stamen Design, a San Francisco studio that Google, Facebook and Microsoft have all used for help in turning fast-paced digital information into easily understood images. “It doesn’t work if you can’t touch it.”
• Diane Paulus, center stage - Theater & art - The Boston Globe
• Black Duck Software CEO Tim Yeaton Rejoins Red Hat to Lead Newly-Formed Infrastructure Group - RT @shaunconnolly: Congrats to @tbyeaton re: Tim Yeaton Rejoins Red Hat to Lead Newly-Formed Infrastructure Group #redhat
• The Future of OpenShift and Docker Containers | OpenShift by Red Hat - The Future of OpenShift and Docker Containers
• Where the best designers go to find photos and graphics - Not a great title. These are pointers to free-to-use photos. But a useful resource nonetheless.
• Lexical Distance Among the Languages of Europe « Etymologikon™

Links for 01-03-2014

• MOOCs in 2013: Breaking Down the Numbers | EdSurge News
• Daphne Koller: “MOOCs can be a Significant Factor in Opening Doors to Opportunity” | EdSurge News - Highlights how MOOC completion % #s a red herring. Skeptical re: biz models, certifications, breadth of reach, etc.
• PaaS and Three Cruelties of Federal IT - RT @asheshbadani: Great post by @ghelleks on benefits of PaaS and @openshift for government - love his IT as manufacturing analogies!
• Daring Fireball: 2013: The Year in Apple and Technology at Large - "There’s a nihilistic streak in tech journalism that I just don’t see in other fields. Sports, movies, cars, wristwatches, cameras, food — writers who cover these fields tend to celebrate, to relish, the best their fields have to offer. Technology, on the other hand, seems to attract enthusiasts with no actual enthusiasm."
• Goodbye, Cameras : The New Yorker
• Gordon Haff's year in the air - My year in the air:
• How Netflix Reverse Engineered Hollywood - Alexis C. Madrigal - The Atlantic - "Using large teams of people specially trained to watch movies, Netflix deconstructed Hollywood. They paid people to watch films and tag them with all kinds of metadata. This process is so sophisticated and precise that taggers receive a 36-page training document that teaches them how to rate movies on their sexually suggestive content, goriness, romance levels, and even narrative elements like plot conclusiveness."
• OpenShift's Top 10 Posts of 2013 | OpenShift by Red Hat - RT @openshift: OpenShift's Top 10 Posts of 2013: Let us know which of these we should expand on in 2014.
• Dell "Beginnings" Ad - YouTube - RT @AndiMann: RT @gigabarb: Dell wants you to think of it as the feisty startup it once was (but really isn't any longer) < LMAO!
• Beyond the vanity statistics: What’s the real value for enterprise customers | Red Hat Stack - Beyond vanity statistics, @ChuckDubuque takes a deeper look at #openstack code contributions
• Rebecca Solnit · Diary: Google Invades · LRB 7 February 2013 - "The luxury coach passengers ride for free and many take out their laptops and begin their work day on board; there is of course wifi. Most of them are gleaming white, with dark-tinted windows, like limousines, and some days I think of them as the spaceships on which our alien overlords have landed to rule over us."

Links for 01-02-2014

• It’s Not a Church, It’s Just an Apple Store | Re/code - "Attention fanboys and fangirls: Your favorite tech hardware, software and services are not religious objects. And the companies that make them aren’t cults or faiths. They are capitalist enterprises, out to make a profit, grab market share, and, if they can, make products you will buy."
• Top 10 Cloud Platforms of 2013 - A year in review - YourStory.com
• The Decline of Wikipedia: Even As More People Than Ever Rely on It, Fewer People Create It | MIT Technology Review
• Processors That Work Like Brains Will Accelerate Artificial Intelligence | MIT Technology Review
• Today in Tech History – Jan. 1, 2014 | Tom Merritt .com - RT @RiCHi: MT @acedtect: 75 years ago today, Hewlett and Packard founded HP to build oscillators and eventually WebOS.
• Visit to the World's Fair of 2014
• Spherification | Molecular Recipes
• On The Information and How We Operate – jessica lessin - RT @jason_pontin: On the other hand, "these women" isn't a whole hell of a lot better: while less reductive it's *more* patronizing:
• Science and technology: No Moore? | The Economist - "However, it looks as though Moore’s law will not survive 2014. Chipmakers such as IBM, Intel and TSMC, a Taiwanese giant, will probably manage to cut transistor size in half at least a couple more times. The problem, analysts reckon, is that beyond 2014 shrinkages will no longer cut transistors’ cost."
• How to Escape the Community-College Trap - Ann Hulbert - The Atlantic - The thing that I found most interesting about this article is that it really reinforces how MOOCs are great for self-motivated learners but not for those "underserved" by traditional education.
• Get Lost in These 19 Fascinating Maps
• Running Zork in DOS on Chrome while offline? Yup, you can do that — Tech News and Analysis - RT @rUv: Running Zork in DOS on Chrome while offline? Yup, you can do that
• A Snapshot of the Camera’s History | TIME.com - RT @BarbaraKirk: A Snapshot of the Camera’s History |
• 15 Predictions for Developers and the Cloud in 2014 - RT @RedHatNews: 15 Predictions for Developers and the Cloud in 2014
• Forbes is latest old media for sale – with the help of the New York Times | Michael Wolff | Comment is free | theguardian.com - "But it became a model of an old-line media company that would do anything – anything – to survive. In the manner of the Huffington Post, it built a stable of free contributors, bores and semi-literates and inveterate self-promoters who nevertheless provide ever-more search links to the site. Outdoing even Buzzfeed, the native advertising ne plus ultra, Forbes, without restraint, became an open bazaar for selling its space to fake content poseurs. "
• Michael Wolff on Digital Media in 2014: 'Pretty Damn Bleak' | Digiday - "We’ve now built a business on the basis of being almost completely staffed by young people who are paid nothing. That is the business now. So, relatively speaking, it’s pretty damn bleak. The news business has lost, like, 50 percent in four or five years."
• Top Ed-Tech Trends of 2013: "Zombie Ideas" (Ed-Tech Ideas That Refuse to Die Even Though We Know They're Monstrous)
• The year of no s**t Sherlock - The Ed Techie
• Adrian Cockcroft's Blog: Velocity and Volume - Speed Wins - Keynote at Flowcon
• Top Spots for Special Occasions: Boston by Jennifer Che

Podcast: Identity Management and crypto with Red Hat's Ellen Newlands and Matt Smith

Ellen Newlands shares new IdM and cryptography features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux--including the new RHEL 7 beta--while Matt Smith talks about some trends that he's seeing at the customers he speaks with such as the desire to extend enterprise identity into public clouds.

Listen to MP3 (0:11:14)
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[Transcript]

Gordon Haff:  You're listening to the Cloudy Chat podcast with Gordon Haff.

Hi, everyone. This is Gordon Haff, cloud evangelist with Red Hat, and today I've got two guests here with me. I've got Ellen Newlands, who runs product management for our identity and security products, and I've got Matt Smith, who's a solution architect in the Northeast region with Red Hat. Matt's going to have some great insights about some of the conversations he's having with customers around security and identity.

I'd like to start off first with you, Ellen. What's new?

Ellen Newlands:  Well, I have to say, Gordon, especially with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 going into beta ‑‑ as you know, we just went into beta with 7.0 at the beginning of this month, December ‑‑ there's a lot that's new in identity management. Many of you may remember that we've included identity management as a feature set in RHEL, which means that it is free with the RHEL subscription. In 7.0, we are bringing out some new functionality that we think is particularly useful.

A lot of customers have Active Directory as what we call their authoritative source for identity in a Windows environment, and yet they'll very often have a very, very large Red Hat Linux deployment, particularly in development or in test. One of their questions is always, "How do I best manage my Linux identities but maintain my capabilities to have Active Directory as the authoritative source for regulatory and compliance purposes?"

Well, in RHEL 7.0, we're shipping something we're calling cross‑realm Kerberos trust. What does that mean? What that actually means is that we have put together a very secure scheme for setting up a trust between Active Directory and what we call the IPA ‑‑ or identity, policy, and audit server, the server piece of identity management in RHEL ‑‑ so that your users in a Windows environment can use their Active Directory credentials and have them passed to an identity server for Linux and then securely and safely reach Linux resources without having to, for example, change one authoritative source for another. In other words, keep your Active Directory, set up a trust with identity management in Linux, and enable your Windows users to access the Linux resources that they would want. We are beginning beta on this now, and we have already had some very good feedback on this functionality.

Now, I did want to mention that, in addition to this, there are customers who do not wish to have any kind of a second domain in Linux, so we have functionality that we call SSSD, which is client functionality that will allow you to connect your individual Linux resources or hosts directly into Active Directory should you prefer. We believe that this gives us a wider reach in today's heterogeneous environment for identity management.

Gordon:  Going to talk a little bit about crypto in a couple minutes, at the risk of having people's heads explode, but for right now, Matt, maybe you can tell us a little bit about what you're seeing out in the field. You spend a lot of time talking to customers, and I'm sure you've got a lot of good insights about what they're seeing out there.

Matt Smith:  Sure, absolutely. Thank you, Gordon.

Really, what we're seeing come forward with the RHEL 7 beta here, with the new features and functionality in IdM, this really addresses some of the calls we're seeing in the field. Customers have a huge investment in Active Directory ‑‑ in the infrastructure they've deployed, in the processes they've developed. As Ellen already described, really being able to bring forward a solution that allows the Linux environments to interact with an Active Directory but have the features and functionality that Red Hat IdM provides, which, beyond just the authentication, also has the management of the access control within that Linux environment, and it gives the Linux admins the ability to interact very, very easily with that IdM environment. Being able to have that integration with an established Active Directory meets a very, very high demand from our customers.

Gordon:  You've been doing this for a while. What are some of the trends that you see out there? What's different today than if I was asking you this question maybe a couple years ago?

Matt:  That's a great question. Really, the newest trend that we're seeing, and really, it's been developing over the past few years ‑‑ how do I extend my enterprise identity into the cloud? As software‑as‑a‑service options are becoming more and more attractive, as platform‑as‑a‑service and infrastructure‑as‑a‑service offerings out in the public cloud become more available, more cost‑effective, and more feasible for many of our customers, they look at that credential set that today might live inside of an Active Directory or inside of a Red Hat IdM, and they question whether they should extend that to those outside public services, whether they should be creating new IDs and passwords out there in that public space, if there's a way that doesn't violate network security principles to tie those systems back into credentials inside their data center.

Of course, here, we are very aware of the other authentication activities in the world, whether this is SAML in the federated authorization space or OpenID and oAuth, and we're developing those strategies around how to leverage those technologies to be able to extend enterprise identity into those cloud services.

Gordon:  Ellen, let's talk a little bit about crypto specifically. I know we've got some new features out there, so maybe if you could explain it without having people's heads explode too much, I think that'd be interesting.

Ellen:  I did want to start by saying I have worked with what we call the crypto geeks for about half of my working life, and I will tell you, you can always spot them in a crowd.

Having said that, all crypto is essentially mathematically based. One of the best protections for any of the cryptographic algorithms that keep your communications and your data safe and locked up is that it takes so long, using computers, to crack the code. As computer power has increased, the algorithms that were in common use are more easily cracked. It takes less time. Cracking an algorithm is all about the compute time it takes to crack it. With the expansion of compute power and the high demand for security, the National Institutes of Standards and Technology ‑‑ known lovingly as NIST ‑‑ recently set out standards and recommendations for what we would call higher‑order cryptographic algorithms, which they call Suite B.

Now, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.10 and 6.5, which just recently went GA, and 7.0, which is in beta now have all included some new cryptography in addition to the original algorithms that they had in Suite B. One of the more interesting pieces of cryptography that has been included is something called elliptic‑curve cryptography. The reason that this is interesting is, for less processing power and less compute power, it offers stronger crypto than had previously been available.

I think the basic point here is that the crypto in Red Hat Enterprise Linux has been updated, which ensures safer communication, safer data at rest and in motion. As the standards change, I just want it on record that RHEL and the feature set in RHEL keep up with the changes and recommendations.

Gordon:  Matt, out in the field, how are you seeing use of crypto out there? Is it increasing? Are people being more aware of the technical details? What are the trends that you see there?

Matt:  Absolutely. Crypto becomes more important every day, but at the same time, the assumption is generally that it is just there. At this point, being able to see that HTTPS in your URL bar in your favorite browser is just an assumed technology ‑‑ "Oh, it's HTTPS, therefore it is secure." Of course, as customers look to move data out, again, into the cloud, or they start expanding where their data lives ‑‑ it's no longer just within the four walls of their existing data center ‑‑ really being able to encrypt that data, in flight or at rest, becomes more and more critical and more and more of an assumption on our customers' part.

Gordon:  Are there changes in the way they're doing key management these days? Encryption is easy. It's the key management that's the hard part.

Matt:  Absolutely. There are a number of vendor products out there for key management, as well as when we look at certificate‑based management, our own certificate management capabilities within Red Hat IdM and within Red Hat Certificate Server. We provide those capabilities, but again, as customers are looking to distribute the geography of their data, this is a challenge in the space that, really, there's still a lot of space left to find proper solutions.

Gordon:  Ellen, maybe we can start to wrap up here. Anything else that you'd like to share?

Ellen:  I would like to say that if customers are interested in any of the new capabilities for identity management in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0, we have instituted a high‑touch beta program specifically for those who are interested in the identity functionality, and customers are still welcome to join that beta program because it runs from now until the middle of March. There's plenty of time to get a look at the new features and, if time permits and resources allow, to give them a test run.